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866 
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Published by authority of the Oh lifoniisi State Hoard of Trai'.e. IH Post fJfreet, Sau Francisco, 
latioii about California supplied updu application. 



c/\L|poF^[^i/\"5 r^^^^E^^ 



Ten Years of the State's Development 



a.,. TT'RT 



Compara 



ve 



F^e50upees 



CT^ILE Stiite Board of Trade is enabled, throuoh the kindness of Governor 
(Oy Budd, to give to the public the following very interesting letter from the 
Second Vice-President and General Manager of the Southern Pacific 
Company, A. N. Towne. The ,s'h(rrtdng made in this letter is highly grati- 
fying to Californians, and will be found very instructive to those interested 
in California's progress as well as to the student of Califoi-nia's resources. In the 
matter of statistical data it is one of the most valuable communications that has 
been sent forth from any source for a long time. In permitting its publication 
for the benefit of Californians and the information of inquiring millions, the 
California State Board of Trade takes this method of expressing its obligations 
to Governor James H. Budd, to whom it is addressed. 

San Francisco, May 2, 1895'. 
To His Excellenru, Honorable J. H. Budd, 

Governor of 'California, Sacramento, Cal. 
My Dear Sir:— Mr. William H. Mills has read tO me his communication to 
you under date of the 30th ult., written in behalf of the California State Board 
of Trade, urging the expediency of temporarily removing the California exhibit, 
now at their rooms in this city, to Atlanta, Georgia, for the purpose of exhibi- 
tion at the Cotton States and International Exchange Exposition, to be held at 
tha laT'.ei- place in SeiJtember, 1895, and while I cannot hope to add anything 
that V. o.ila strengthen the argumeri advanced by Mr. Mills in favor of this 



— 2 <,^^^'V 

proposition, as he is so well informed in regard to all these matters and invariably 
covers the- entire ground of reasoning- in respect to any position that he takes, 
I thought possibly in considei-ing this question of placing before the visitors to 
the exposition at Atlanta these substantial evidences of our resources and possi- 
bilities, you might find it interesting to note a fevsr statistics, compiled principally 
from United States Census Reports, demonstrating what a marvelous growth 
our State shows, particularly during the decade from 1880 to 1890. 

My object in directing your attention to these figures is that they seem to 
speak most eloquently in favor of the proposition so strongly advocated by Mr. 
Mills, and since the prosperity of our most favored State, as clearly indicated by 
the State Board exhibit, and by the excess percentages herein shown, stands 
out so conspicuously as compared with the United States as a whole, I trust you 
will pardon my presumption in suggesting that we should all make a united 
effort by the combination of every possible interest in the direction of settling up 
our sparsely populated country, with a view of further developing the many 
resources of our State, to the end that the next ten years will show even greater 
progi-ess than the decade herein referred to. 

California stands to-day in the front rank of the great wheat and barley pro- 
ducing States of the Union, and we have discovered in horticulture a resource of 
even greater possibilities, as the following figures will show. Our gold and silver 
mines have produced in the aggiegate $l,35O,C0O,C€O and we are still mining 
about $1,000,000 per month; with the revival of hydraulic mining, this product will 
be very greatly increased. The entire output of quicksilver of the United States is 
mined in California, the total quicksilver product of this State to date amount- 
ing to 1,700,000 flasks, valued at $80,000,000. Califoi-nia produces about 40,000 
tons of asphaltum, or 90 per cent of the total product of the United States an- 
nually. It also produces each year 8,000,000 pounds of borax, 100,000,000 bt-ick, 
and large quantities of building stone. The total value of its mineral products 
other than gold, silver and quicksilvei- is about $5,000,000 per annum. The 
bulk of the coal used in California is imported from the North Pacific Coast and 
from foreign countries, about 75,000 tons being mined yearly in California. We 
have also an abundant supply of mineral waters, 800,000 gallons, valued at $250,- 
000, being produced in 1890, and this industry promises rapid development. 

The growth of agriculture, commercial, and industrial statistics in California, 
as compared with other portions of the country, is pretty well illustrated by the 
following comparisons : 

AREA AND POPULATION. 

The total land area of California is 157,801 square miles, or 100,992,640 acres, of 
which about 40 per cent, or say, 40,000,000 acres may be classed as "arable,"' or 
susceptible of cultivation. 

California ranks twenty-second among the States in population, its growth 
in the past forty years as compared with the remainder of the country being as 
follows: 



Yp,„ POPULATION POPULATION RANK OF 

CAMFOKNIA. UNITED STATES. CALIFORNIA. 

1850 92,597 23,191,876 29 

I860 379,994 31,443,321 26 

1870 560,247 38,558,371 .^24 

1880 .... ... 864,694 50,155,783 24 ' 

1890 1,208,130 62,622,250 22 

Pi'om the above it will be seen that the percentage of increase in population 
in Califcjrnia for the decade from 1880 to 1890 was 40 per cent as compared 
with only 25 per cent for the whole United States. 

California ranked fifteenth in railroad mileage in 1893, showing that, in pro- 
l)ortion to its population, the State is abundantly supplied with railroad facilities. 
The number of miles of railroad within the State has increased from 23 in 1860 to 
4,692 in 1893, the increase from 1880 to 1890 being 114 per cent, as compared with 
90 per cent for the whole country. 



V^XLUE OF PROPERTY. 

The vahuition of property in California has shown a remarkable growth in 
the last forty years, the total true valuation of real and personal property, ac- 
cording to the census figures being as follows: 

TOTAL TP.UE VALUATION. VALUATION PER CAPITA 

^''■■■^'* lALlKOKNIA. UNITED s:ATES. CALIFORNIA. 'JNITED STATE.S. 

1850 $ 22,161,872.. .$7,135,780,228 $ 239 $ 308 

1860 ... 207,874,613 ... 16,159,616,068 547 514 

1870 63S,767 017 .... 30,068,518,507 1,140 780 

1880 1, 343, 000, 000 43, 642, 000, 000 1, 553 870 

1890 ... 2,533,7.33,627 65,037.091,197 2,097 .... 1,036 

For the period from 1880 to 1890 the total true valuation of property in Cal- 
ifornia increased 88 per cent, against a similar increase of only 49 per cent for the 
whole United States, while the valuation per capita in California increased 35 
per cent as compared with 19 per cent for the whole country. Although Cal- 
fornia ranks but twenty-second among the States in population, it ranks sixth 
in total wealth, or valuation of property. In this connection it is interesting to 
note that the tax rate per $100 on total assessd valuation decreased in California 
from $2.16 in 1880 to $1.70 in 1890, a falling oft" of 21 per cent. For the whole 
United States the tax increa,sed from $1.81 to 1.85 in the period in question. 



FOREIGN TRADE. 

The total value of California imp( rt^ and exports to date amounts to 
nearly $2,000,000,000, the bulk of v/hi<-h passed through the Port of San Fran- 



Cisco. The couiparative gi-owtli o; the imports and exports is illustrated in 
the following table: 

TOTAL VALUE OF IMPORTS. TOTAL VALUE OF EXPORTS. 

TEAR. s,VN FRANCISCO. UNITED STATES. SAN FRANCISCO. UNITED .STATES. • 

1870 .. . $15, 982, 549 . . $435, 958, 408 $13, 385, 991 ... . $455, 208, 341 

1880 35,221,751 667,9.54,746 .31,84.5,712.... 823,946,353 

1890 ... 48,751,223 ... 789,310,409 35,962,078.... 845,293,828 

The inci-ease in value of imports for the ten years, from 1880 to 1890, was 38 
per cent for San Francisco, against 18 per cent for the whole United States; and 
in exports for the same period San Francisco shows an increase of 13 per cent as 
compared with only 3 per cent for the entire country. The total tonnage of 
vessels entered and cleared from foreign countries at San Francisco shows an 
increase from 1880 to 1890 of 51 per cent as compared with an increase dviring the 
same period for the whole United States of only 10 per cent. 



MANUFACTURES. 

California manufactures have shown a remarkable growth since 1850, as the 
following comparative table will show: 

VALUATION OF PRODUCTS OF MANUFACTURE. 
YEAR CALIFORNIA. UNITED STATES. 

1850 $12,862,522 $1,019,106,616 

1870 66,594,556 4,232,-325,442 

1880 116,218,973 5,369,579,191 

1890 213,403,996 9,370,167,624 

This is, indeed, a remarkable showing, espcially since it is so little under- 
stood by our people. For the period from 1880 to 1890 the increase in output of 
manufactures for California was 84 per cent, as compared with 74 per cent for 
the whole United States, showing that we have more than kept pace with the 
remainder of the country, even with respect to our manufactures. 



FARM STATISTICS. 

The number of farms in California increased from 872 in 1850 to 52,894 in 
1890; the increase from 1880 to 1890 was 47 per cent as compared with an increase 
of 14 per cent for the whole United States during the same period. For the 
period from 1880 to 1890 the total acreage in farms in California shows an increase 
of 29 per cent, as compared with 16 per cent for the whole United States, and for 
the same period th(^ area of improved land in farms in California increased 15 per 

cent. 

From 1880 to 1890 the value of land, fences and building on farms in Califor- 
nia int.'reased "66 per (ient ag.iinst an increase of only .32 per cent for the whole 
United States while the value of farm implements and machinery increased 74 



per cent in California and only 25 per cent in the entire country. The value of 
live stock on farms in California-increased from $35,500,417 in 1880 to $60,259,230 
in 1890, or 70 per cent, while in the same period the value of live stock in the 
svhole country increased but 46 per cent. California ranks fourteenth in the 
value of its live stock, first in the number of sheep on ranches, and ninth in the 
number of horses on farms. As regards stock-raising, there is no country, con- 
sidering all the conditions, climatic or otherwise, so favorable as California. Our 
horses, in every test, as you well know, have proven themselves fully up to the 
best standard of horses bred in the famous Blue Grass regions of Kentucky. 



FARM PRODUCTS. 

California ranks tenth in the United States in the value of its farm products. 
The increase in total value of all farm products in California, as compared with 
some of the principal agiicultural States, and with the United States is shown by 
the census figures as follows; 

YEAR 1890. TEAK 1880. INCREASE. DECREASE. 

California $ 87,033,290 $ 59,721,425 46% 

New York 161,593,009 178,025,695 9% 

Illinois 184,759,013 203,980,137 9% 

Iowa 159,347,844 136,103,473 17%.... 

Pennsylvania 121,328,348 ... . 129,760,476 7% 

Ohio 133,232,498 156,777,152 15% 

Missouri 109,751,024 95,912,662 14%... . 

Indiana 94,759,262 114,707,082 17% 

Michigan 83,651,390 91,159,858 8% 

Mississippi 73, 342, 995 63, 701 , 844 15% .... 

Alabama 66,240,190 56,872,994 16% 

Kentucky 65^ 948, 485 63, 850, 153 3% 

Wisconsin 70, 990, 645 72, 779, 496 2% 

Arkansas 48,128,155 43,796,261 21% 

North Carolina. . . 5 (,070,530 51, 729,611 3% 

Virginia 42, 244, 458 45, 726, 221 8% 

United States. .2, 460, 107,454 2,213,402,564 11%. ... 



WHEAT. 

In 1893, California ranked third in the United States in the quantity of wheat 
produced. The average fai-m value of wheat per bushel last year (1894) was 57 
cents, which is higher than in any other section of the United States. The 
average for the whole country being only 49 cents. From 1880 to 189J, the 
increase in California wheat production was 41 percent against an increase of only 
1 per cent for the whole United States. In 1890 there was grown in California 9 
per cent of the whole crop of the entire country. The bulk of the California 
wheat product is shipped to foreign countries through the Port of San Francisco, 
the total value of this trade being one-fourth of the total wheat exports from the 



United States to foi-eign countries. Nearly all of the wheat is exported to Great 
Britian, though considerable of it is sent to China and Central American ports. 

BARLEY. 

California is the leading barley producing State in the country, producing in 
1890, 22 per cent of the entire barley crop of the United States. Although large 
quantities of barley are consumed at home in the feeding of horses, hogs, and 
cattle (this cereal in this respect occupying the same place which oats does in the 
East), a considerable amount of it is exported by sea and sent overland to the 
Eastern States, California barley having a high reputation among brewers. 



HAY. 

In 1894, California ranked fourth in the production of hay. From 1880 to 
1890 the production in this State increased 184 per cent against 53 per cent 
increase for the whole United States. The total value of the hay crop of Califor- 
nia in 1894 was $30,529,647. 



HOPS. 

In 1890 California ranked third in the production of hops, being exceeded 
only by New York and Washington, and in that year this State produced 17 per 
cent of all the hojis grown in the country. The rapid growth of the hop produc- 
lion, the amounts being stated in pounds, is shown by the table hereunder: 

YEAR. CALIFORNIA. UNITED STATES. 

1850 : 3,497,029 

I860 80 10,991,996 

1870 62o,0()4 25,456,669 

1H80 1,444,077 26,546,378 

1890 6,547,338 39,171,270 

From 1«80 to 1.S90, the hop production of California increased 284 per cent, 
while in the same period the total production of the United States increased but 
48 per cent. Since 1890 the California ])roduction of hops has increased 50 per 
<-ent, the greater part of the product being shipped overland to the Eastern 
States. 



VEGETABLES. 

California produces aliout 2 per cent of the potatoes grown in the country. 
The California potato crop increased from 10,292 bushels in 1850, to 3,571,488 
bushels in 1893. This State produces 23 per cent of the beans grown in the entire 
country, ranking second in the United States in this respect in 1890. The Cali- 



fornia bean crop for 1893 amounted to 72,000,000 lbs., equal to 3,600 carloads of 
ten tons each, or equivalent to a train 25 miles long-. The total shipments of 
California vegetables to eastern points by rail in 1893 were: potatoes 16,687 tons; 
beans, 24,481, tons; other vegetables, 28,639 tons; a total equivalent to a train, 
each car loaded with ten tons of vegetables, 47 miles in length. 

FRUIT. 

The development of the orchard industries of California in the past twenty 
years has been most remarkable. The total value of orchard and vineyard pro- 
ducts is about $30,000,000 annvially; the output is increasing each year, and, with 
the extension of eastern market for our California fruits, the possibilities of Cal- 
ifornia in this connection seem almost unlimited. The following comparisons of 
eastbound shipments out of the State is most interesting: 



Green, deciduous fruits. . . .1871—1,8,32,310 lbs 

Citrus fruit 1876—2,000,000 " 

Dried fruit 1875— 548,227 " 

Raisins 1874— 220 " 

Canned goods 1872— 182,090 " 



..1893— 159, 905, 000 lbs. 
..1H93— 161,514,000 " 
..189.3— 82,476,800 " 
. .1893- 74,788,000 " 
..1893— 55,681,400 " 



In addition to the above, there was moved locally in 1893 by the Southern 
Pacific Company lines alone 234,418,000 lbs. of green fruit; 42,990,000 lbs. of dried 
fruit, and 15, 842, OUO lbs. canned goods. Estimating 5 lbs. of green fruit to 1 of 
di-ied fruit, and 3 lbs. of grapes equal to 1 of raisins, the total orchard and vine- 
yard products of California amounted to about l,500,000,OJulbs. in 1893, and the 
output for 1894 was very considerably larger than this. To further illustrate the 
magnitude of the orchard industry in California, it may be said that this prodig- 
ious amount is sufficient to fill a train of cars, each with 10 tons of freight, .of 
over 500 miles in length, or more than half the distance from New York to 
Chicago. 

AVINE. 

California produces much more wine than any other State in the Union, there 
being made in this State in 1890 more than 60 per cent of the entire out]>ut of the 
country. Experts from abroad acknowledge that the quality of the average 
grade of French and German wines is not superior to that of California wine, 
and agree that this State has a great future in the manufacture of wine as well 
as brandy. California wines are coming into general use throughout the United 
States, our yield having shown a development as follows: 

YE.VR. (AUFOKNIA. rMTKH .<T.\TE.S. 

1875 4,000,000 gals 13,000,0:X) gals. 

1880 10,000,000 gals 2.3,0J0,000 gals. 

1890 18,000,000 gals 23,000,000 gals. 



The production of California from 1880 to 1890 increased 80 per cent, while the 
output of the entire country i*emained stationary. 

California produces annually about 2,000,000 g-als. brandy, or three-fourths of 
the entire production of the United States. The brandy production of California 
is rapidly increasing- and finds a ready market in the Eastern States and in Eu- 
rope. 

BEET SUGAR. 

California easily ranks first among the States in the production of beet sugar, 
its output in 1894 being nearly 80 per cent of the entire product of the country. 
From an output of 1,200,000 lbs. of beet sugar in 1883, the manufacture of beet su- 
gar in this State has made rapid progress in the past ten years and promises a 
large development in the future, the production in the last three years in pounds 
being : 

TEAR CALIFORNIA. UNITED STATES. 

3892 8,175,438 lbs 12,004,838 lbs. 

1893 21,801,288 " 27,083,288 " 

1894. 35,088,969 " 45,191,296 " 

From 1892 to 1894 the inei-ease in the California production was 329 per cent as 
compai-ed with an increase of 276 per cent for the whole United States, including 
California. This industry in this State is only in its infancy, and I would hesi- 
tate to attempt to prophesy our possibilities in this direction lest you might deem 
me visionary, but the figures showing a two years' growth speak for themselves. 

DAIRY PRODUCTS. 

In 1890 California ranked fifth among the States in the production of honey, 
and its output is yearly increasing. The following figui-es are self-explanatory. 

YEAR CALIFORNIA. UNITED STATES. 

187(1 2^4.326 lbs 14, 702,816 lbs. . 

1880 ... 571,029" 25,741,485 '' 

1890 3,92:»,889 " 63,894,186 " 

The production of honey in California since 1890 has increased to 6,000,000 
pounds annually. 

From ISSO to 1890 the egg production of Culifornia increased 137 per cent 
against an increase for the whole country of 79 per cent. Notwithstanding the 
rapid grjwthof this industry, eastern eg'^-s in l-.v;.-g3 quantities are still imported 
into this State, and there is a most pi-omising field for enterprise for the local 
production of eggs in this State. 

From IssO to H.i i Califoriiiu shows-! an increase in the amount of butter pro- 
duced on faiiiis of :iO jjer cent aijairist an increase of only 32 per cent for the 
whole United States. From KSSJ to IHi)..) the amount of cheese produced on farms 



iu California shows an increase of 51 per cent, as compared with a decrease of 31 
per cent for the entire country. In 1890 California ranked second among the 
States in the production of cheese on farms. The milk production of California 
increased from 3,693,021 gallons in 1870 to 12,353,178 gallons in 1880, and to 111,- 
191,186 gallons in 1890, an increase for the last decade of 800 per cent. 

In the way of other farm products, I am confident that there are most prom- 
ising possibilities in California for the culture of cotton, flax, hemp, and other 
fibres, and it has been at least partially shown that tobacco of a superior quality 
can be produced in California, but the attention of our limited number of people 
has been fixed upon other objects. 

WOOL. 

California each year ranks either first or second in the production of wool, 
this State producing in 1890 about 13 per cent of the total product of wool of the 
Union. The growth of this product is illustrated below. 

YEAR. CALIFORNIA. UNITED STATES. 

1850 5,520 lbs 51,516,959 lbs. 

1860 2,683,109 " 60,264,913 " 

1890 24,092,954 " 191,278,084 " 

LUMBER. 

The lumbering interests of California are constantly on the increase. The 
sawed lumber produced, in feet board measure, compare as follows: 

TEAR. CALIFORNIA. UNITED STATE.S. 

1880 304,795,000 18,091,356,000 

1890 517,781,000 27,869,000,000 

During this period the amount of sawed lumber produced in California 
increased 70 per cent, against an increase of 54 per cent for the whole United 
States. About 18 per cent of the area of California is termed "forest" and 27 
percent "brush'" land, the remainder being classed as "open country." This 
would show an ai-ea of forest land of 18,000,000 acres, or 4 per cent of the total 
forest area of the United States. Besides the large quantities of lumber used 
locally for domestic purposes, California lumber finds a growing market in the 
Eastern States, and much of it is exported to Europe and Australia, Central 
America, Mexico, South America, and the Islands of the Pacific. The supply is 
adequate for manj' years to come, and the belt of California redwood is espec- 
ially considered as one of the most productive and valuable in the world. 

GENERAL FACTS. 

Taking the results as indicated by the foregoing data, a. few general facts de- 
duced therefrom, for purposes of comparison, present a unique picture, bringing 



10 

out these striking illusti^ations more conspicuously to the eye, and. impressing one 
all the more deeply with their magnitude, and forcing one to the conclusion 
that California is a most progressive State; that it has more than kept pace in 
the growth of its various industries with the rest of the United States, statements 
of prominent Eastern people to the contrary notwithstanding; that its handful of 
people spread out over this vast and fertile territory are imbued with energetic pur- 
jjose, and are determined to gain in rank in our prosperity in comparison with the 
other States of the Union, just as we have been doing with such marvelous strides 
during the past years, as indicated by the foregoing statistics. The census of 
1890 shows that the area of California is 4.4 per cent of the total area of the 
United States, with only 1.9 per cent of the total population, but to appreciate 
what our people are actually doing, please note these figures most carefully. 
Area of improved land in farms 3.4 per cent; mileage of railroads in the State, 
2.6 per cent; valuation of property in California is 3.9 per cent of the total 
for the United States; value of farms and live stock, 4.8 per cent; 
value of farm products, 3.5 per cent; output of manufactures, 2.3 per cent; 
California produces annually 38 per cent of the gold; 2.1 of the silver; 
all of the quicksilver; 93 per cent of the asphaltum; 4 per cent of the stone; 6.3 
of the mineral water, and 1 per cent of the petroleum; yet the last mentioned ar- 
ticle has just commenced in its development. Keeping in mind all the time that, 
we have less than 2 per cent of the population, there is grown in California 8.7 per 
cent of the wheat produced in the United States; 22 per cent of the barley; 1.8 
per cent of the oats; 17 per cent of the hops; 1.7 per cent of the broom corn; 23 
per cent of the beans; 60 per cent of the wine; 100 per cent of the raisins; 10 per 
cent of the wool; 6.1 per cent of the honey; 1.7 per cent of the eggs; 2.6 per cent 
of the butter; 2.1 per cent of the cheese, and 2.1 per cent of the milk produced in 
the United States. California has within its borders 2.7 per cent of the horses;. 
2.4 per cent of the mules and asses; 2.6 per cent of the oxen, cows, and other cat- 
tle; 1 per cent of the swine, and 6.9 per cent of the sheep in the United States. 

Now, in the face of these figures, who will say that we have not a wonder- 
fully prosperous future before us? And it seems to be all important that we should 
leave no stone unturned, especially when so little money is involved, as will be 
incident to bringing the elaborate display of the State Board of Trade to At- 
lanta, to bring before the frugal toilers of the Southern States these marked evi- 
dences of our natural wealth, thereby inducing immigration from among the en- 
terprising classes to come among us and help us develop the manifold resources 
which nature has bestowed upon this most favored State. 

I beg pardon for inflicting this long letter upon you, my only purpose being 
in the direction of presenting some figures to you in a concise manner that might 
otherwise escape your notice, in the hope that they may help to guide you in 
your judgment of the matter in question. You are at liberty to use these figures, 
or this letter, in any manner that may meet with your pleasure. 

Yours Very Truly, 

(Signed) A. N. TOWNE. 



p JueaMonal 



flBTHE following- interesting- data, which the State Board of Trade is enabled to 
XJj) pi-esent with the second edition of this popular pamphlet, speaks for itself. 

San Francisco, Cal.. June 15. KSii."). 

Mr. J. A. PiLCHER, 

Secretary and General Manag-er 
State Board of Trade, City. 
Dear Sir: — Our mutual friend, Mr. .John .J. Valentine, President of Wells, 
Fargo & Co., who has always s^own a marked interest in everything- that, per- 
tains to the welfare of this State, has called upon me and sugg,;::vs that in 
connection with my letter to Governor Budd, which you have considered of 
sufficient impoi-tance to have published for the edification of the people generally,- 
that some statistics in relation to educational matters in Califor: 'a in comparison 
with the rest of the United States, would be very intei-esting, particularly to 
Eastern people, among whom Mr. Valentine would like to distribute several 
thousand copies of this pamphlet. Therefore, T have prepared the following- 
data which is submitted for your consideration. 



EDUCATION. 

The educational advantages in California are doubtless unsurpassed by any 
other State In the Union, and, on the basis of population C-alifornia expends more 
each year for the education of its school children than any other State, and pays 
a higher average rate of compensation to its teachers than elsewhere in the 
country. The following figures, furnished by the United States Commissioner of 
Education, pertaining to public School statistics of California and of the whole 
United States, are, from a comparative standpoint, interesting. 

Estimated Number Children From 5 to 18 Years of Age. 

YEAR CALIFORNIA. UNITED STATES. 

1872 150,-JOO 12,565,t)00 

1882 228,900 15,701,170 

1893 308,600 19,552,491 

Increase 1893 over 1882 35% 25% 

Number of Pupils Enrolled in Public Schools. 

YKAK. CALIFORNIA. UNITED STATES. 

1872 94,720 7,815,30(i 

1882 168,024 10,2il,57S 

1893 232,501 13,510,719 

Increase 1893 over 1 882 . . 38«o 32% 



iNuMBER OF Children in Each ICO of Population From 5 to 18 
YEARS OF Age Enrolled in Public Schools. 

YEAR CALIFORNIA. UNITED STATES. 

1872 63...: 92 

1882 73 65 

1893 75 69 

Tli8 average daily attendance during 1893 amounted to 68 per cent of the total 
number enrolled in California and 66 per cent of the total number enrolled in the 
United States. 

Average Duration of School, in Days. 

YEAR. CALIFORNIA. UNITED STATES. 

1872 127.6 133.4 

1882 155.4 131.2 

1893 160.2 136.72 

The average school term is longer in California*than in any other section of 
the country, with the e:-:ccption of the New En-land States. 

Teachers and Teachers' Salaries. 

CALIFORNIA. UNITED STATi> . 

TEAK, TEACHERS. SALARIES. TEACHERS. S.'.l ARIES. 

1872 2,301 $1,321,949 229,921 $ 45,9.5,681 

1882 3,777 2,456,311 299,079 60,594,933 

1893 6,136 4,055,588 383,010 104,090,607 

The number of teachers from 1882 to 1893 increased 02 per cent in California, 
against an increase at 28 per cent in the whole country, and in the same period 
California shows an increase of 65 per cent in the compensation paid teachers. 
The average annual salary per teacher in 1893 was $061 in Calif ornia, as compared 
with an average of only $272 for the whole country, or less than half as much as 
paid in California. Although this State ranked in 1393 only 24th in the number 
of teaohei's employed, it ranked 7th in the amount paid to them for their services. 

Total Expenditures for Maintaining public schools. 

YEAR. CALIFORNIA. UNITED STATES. 

1872 $1,881,333 $ 74,234,476 

1882 3, 122,666 88,69U,406 

1893 5,709.687 162,794,948 

Increase 1893 over 1872. . 204»o' 117% 

In the amount expended for the maintenance of its public schools in 1893, Cal- 
ifornj.a was exceeded only by the great States of New York, Pennsylvania, Massa- 
chuf^etts, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, and Iowa, all of which have a far larger popu- 
lation than this State. 

A striking example of the high standard of excellence of the pubhc school edu- 
cation of the children of California is found in the following table, showing the 
amounts expended on the maintenance of public schools by the States named, 
all of them having a greater population than contained within the borders of 
California 



i:^ 



POPfl.ATlKN A^IOCINT EXPENDED ON MAINTKXANCE 

EX.SUS OK iS9ll. OF PUBLIC SCllOOLS, YKAU 1S93. 



California ].-j,iS, 13 i $5,709,687 

Missouri l',67<), 184 5,705,110 

Indiana ■. . . 2, 19i',4,H 5,609,655 

Minnesota 1,8)1,826 4,692,891 

Wisconsin 1,686,880 4,678,689 

Kansas 1,427,096 4,250,000 

Texas 2,235,523 3,925,000 

New Jeivey 1,444,933 3,834,103 

Kentucky 1,S5S,635 2,385,000 

Vii-gima 1,655,980 1,798,158 

Tennessee 1,767,518, .. 1,647,799 

Georgia 1,837,353 1,631,221 

Mississippi.. 1,289,600 1,192,844 

Alabama 1,513,017 890,000 

North Carolina 1,617,947 69. ',320 

In this connection the following- data, compiled from the United States census 
of 1890, I'elative to public schools, is interesting: 

EXPJENDITURES ON PUBLIC COMMON SCHOOLS. 

YEAR. PER HEAD OF POPULATION. PER CAUTA OF PUPILS ENROLLED 

CALIFORNIA. UNITKD STATES. CALIFORNIA. UNITED STATES. 

1880 $3.51 $1.59 $18.77 $ 7.99 

1890 4.24 2.24 23.0J 11*03 

California leads all other States in amount expended on maintenance of public 
schools per head of population, being almost twice the average of the entii-e 
country. 

That the quality of the buildings used for school purposes in California has 
materially increased during the decade from 188.) to 1890 is shown b.y the fact 
that although the total school enrollment increased but 37 per cent, the value''of 
school buildings increased from $6,949,9o3 in 1880 to $13,624,143 in 1890, or 96 per 
cent. 

COLLEGES AND irjNiVEKSlTIES. 

According to reports of the United States Commissioner of Education the 
number of teachers in theological, law, medical, and liberal aru colleges and in 
colleges for women, compares as follows: 

YEAR NUMBER OF TEAOIIKRS. NUMBER OF PUPILS 

CALIFORNIA. UNITED STATES. CALIFORNIA. UNITED STATES. 

1886 307 10,0;]0 2,697 116,527 

1890 428 i::,839 4, 1 17 ^70,487 

1892 505 15. 7ir6 4,551 ....... 188,686 

Increase 1892 over 1886 65% . . 57,''o 41,9^.... 38,9-0 

The above table shows that, in the higher institutions of learning, we are pro- 
gressing more rapidly than the remainder of the country, and that wo have 0"> 
full quota of the higher colleges is evidenced by the fact, though Caliioi-uia ii.to 
less than 2 per cent of the pc>-nlation of the whole country, it has 2.4 per cent of 



14 

the pupils attending the colleges, and 3.2 per cent of the teachers employed to 
instruct them; and, as is well known, the quality of the instruction to be obtained 
at our higher universities will com})are very favorably with a,ny similar insti- 
tutions in the United States. Since^the year 3892 large increases have been 
made in the number of pupils attending universities and colleges in the State of 
California. 

I have also prepared for your information, to that it may catch the eye more 
readily, a graphic chart, illustrating thefgeneral' facts contained in the closing 
portion of my letter tiO Govei-nor Budd, which is attached hereto. 

Yours truly. 

A. N. TOWNE. 



Diaflrarri of ComparaMve Re^ouree^. 

The relative importance of certain Californian industries in comparison with 
totals for the United States, as shown by the census of 1890 and other data as set 
lorth under the head of "General Facts" in preceding letter to Governor Budd 
from Mr. Towne, is graphically pictured hereunder (the total for the United 
States being- taken as 100 per cent, and the percentage for California in each case 
I'epresenting its ratio to the whole country). The value of this illustration is 
more apparent when, in noting the percentage opposite each heading, it is re- 
membered that the population of California represents only 1.9 per cent of the 
total for the United States. 

CALIFORNIA. PER CENT, 

Population 1.9- 

Miles of Railroad 2.6— 

Area 4.4-" 

Improved land in Farms 3.4"" 

Value of 

Output of Manufactures ... 2.3" 

Farm Products 3.5— 

All Property 3.9— 

Farms and Live Stock 4.8^ 

Imports and Exports 5.0— 

Productions. 
Minerals: 

Gold 38.0 

Silver 2.1- 

Quicksilver 100.0 

Asphaltum 93.0 

Stone 4.n— 

Mineral Waters 6.3^ 

Petroleum 1 .*> 

Cereals: 

Wheat 8.T— 

Barley 22.C 

Oats 1-8- 

Rye 0.5- 

Hay 5.0— 

Hops ■ . . . . n.o 

Broom Corn. 1 • '" 

Beans 23.0- 

Wine <><••''- 

Raisins 100.0- 

Beet Sugar 80.0- 

Wool If^-O- 

Honey 6. 1^" 

Eggs l-"*^' 

Butter on Farms 2.6- 

Cheese on Farms 2. 1- 

Milk 2.1- 

Live Stock: 

Horses 2. 7- 

Mules and Asses --4- 

Ox n, Cows and other cattle 2.6- 

Swine ^■^' 

Sheep 6.9- 

Sawed Lumber Produced 1.9- 

Expended on Public Schools. . 3.5- 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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